Symptoms And Treatment Of Inflammation - 2282 Words

Inflammation is the localized immune response to tissue damage, injury, or infection. It is characterized by warmth, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function. There are two types of inflammation: acute and chronic. Acute inflammation usually lasts a few hours to a few days while chronic inflammation lasts weeks or even months. There are a string of diseases and cancers that are possibly linked to inflammation. The inflammation can initially be acute, but if unresolved can lead to chronic inflammation which could ultimately progress to serious diseases, carcinogenesis, or tumorigenesis. Research has been conducted to figure out and understand totally the role of inflammation, inflammatory cells, and inflammatory mediators in certain diseases and cancers. Keywords: inflammation; carcinogenesis;tumorigenesis Introduction If you have ever gotten a splinter, scraped your knee, or even sprained your ankle you have experienced inflammation. It is recorded that the Egyptians had knowledge of the inflammatory process, but it was the Romans who defined the process by its characteristics: warmth, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function (1). There are four steps within the inflammation process: pathogen recognition, migration of immune cells to infection site, pathogen elimination, and resolution (9). Pathogen invasion, or tissue damage, is recognized by surface-expressed pattern recognition receptors or PRRs (8). These receptors detect pathogen-associated molecularShow MoreRelatedThe Respiratory System Of The Lungs And Air Passages889 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween the cells and blood stream. With all systems there are unique pathologies tied to each one including the respiratory. Asthma is hypersensitivity to an allergen, leads to bronchospasms and chest tightness, treatment options include bronchodilators. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes; there are two types of bronchitis- Acute bronchitis infection characterized by rales and chest pain- Chronic bronchitis frequent attacks of acute bronchitis and prolonged exposureRead MoreLiving With Crohn s Disease1126 Words   |  5 Pagesmistaken for harmful intruders and the immune system launches an attack response. Cells move from the blood into the intestines and produce inflammation which is a normal immune system response. The inflammation does not subside, leading to chronic inflammation, ulceration, thickening of the intestinal wall, and eventually causing patient symptoms. The tell-tale symptoms of Crohn’s disease are abdominal cramps and pain, urgent need to move bowels, sensation of incomplete evacuation, severe or persistentRead MoreGeneral Description Of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus1462 Words   |  6 Pagesorgans. Inflammation can affect many different body systems including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs. Lupus can be difficult to diagnose because the signs and symptoms, and a physical examination lead to a diagnosis. A facial rash across both cheeks resembling wings of butterfly is the most distinctive sign of lupus that occurs in many but not all cases. There is no cure for lupus and only treatments that can help control symptoms. Pathophysiology The inflammation causedRead MoreWhat Is Crohn’S Disease?. Crohn’S Disease, Also Known As1102 Words   |  5 Pagesaffected areas of Crohn’s disease, but may develop anywhere in the digestive track (Healthwise Staff, 2014). Inflammation caused by this disease normally spreads deep into the affected layers of bowel tissue causing pain and may lead to life-threatening problems (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2017). Crohn’s disease causes many symptoms that can be severely painful for those affected and the treatment options only lead the patient to remission, not recovery. Cause of Crohn’s Disease The cause of Crohn’s diseaseRead MoreNo Cure for Crohns Disease1607 Words   |  6 PagesThere is no known cure for Crohns disease (CD). However, several treatment options are available to relieve the symptoms associated with the disease, ranging from dietary modification to medication and surgery (Steinhart, 2012). Diet and Nutrition: Nutrition is an important factor for patients with Crohn’s disease, and plays a big role in the management of inflammatory bowel disease and its symptoms by maintaining general health during times of disease activity and remission (Filippi et al., 2006)Read MoreEssay on Rheumatoid Arthritis: Causes, Treatments, and Future Cure1243 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Æ' Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease that has direct involvement with the immune system. This disease is considered to be degenerative and currently the only thing that can be done is manage the painful symptoms and suppress the self targeting actions by using immune suppressing drugs. The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is mostly unknown but there is a high amount of evidence that there are genetic predispositions for the disease. This being said however there are also environmental factorsRead MoreDiscussion. Cause. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Is Complex1711 Words   |  7 Pagesa combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The body’s autoimmune cells fail to distinguish a diseased cell or foreign organism from its own healthy cells. Consequently, the autoimmune system attacks its own cells causing inflammation in multiple systems including; the kidneys, skin, heart, lungs, hematopoetic, and nervous system. An estimation of 20 – 100 different genetic factors make a person susceptible to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (UMMC, 2017, P.3). However, one geneRead MoreCrohns Disease is Inflammation in the Digestive System Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesCrohn’s disease is a life-long condition effecting victims of any age. It is considered a form of an inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation in the digestive system. The cause of the disease is unknown. The inflammation is due to the immune system attacking the healthy cells throughout the body’s gastrointestinal tract. The exact causes of Crohn’s disease remain unknown, but most believe that factors that contribute to the disease may include genetics, immune system, environment, etcRead MoreThe Disease Of Behcet s Disease924 Words   |  4 Pages[ABDA], 2014). The disease, recognized worldwide, can affect multiple systems in the human body and associated with morbidity and mortality. Dr. Hulusi Behcet (2014) first described the disease as a triad of oral ulcers, genital ulcers and ocular inflammation (ABDA, 2014). The epidemiology behind this disease indicates its prevalence in multiple countries. It is less prevalent in the United States and Western Europe. According to National Organization for Rare Disorders (2015),the highest prevalenceRead MoreBronchial Asthma And Chronic Inflammatory Disorder Of The Airways That Involves A Complex Interaction Of Airflow Obstruction, Bronchial1125 Words   |  5 Pagesbronchial hyperresponsiveness and an underlying inflammation. The paper begins with background information on the condition, followed by describing its mechanisms and breaking down its major components. It will also discuss the signs, symptoms, and diagnosis and treatment options for asthma. Throughout the paper, key concepts and terms associated with the disease are defined. Introduction It is believed that ancient Egyptians first documented asthma symptoms in hieroglyphics. However, the famous Greek

The Heroes Of The Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare

Epics consists of benevolent or disastrous intervention from the supernatural world, and the superhuman capabilities that the heroes and antiheroes occupy. Tales like these represent the characteristics of what heroes are considered to be during the time they were written; however, they follow a specific formula, namely that the Gods intervene in the lives of the hero and, that the hero is burdened with a tragic flaw. In Virgil’s Aeneid, it is Aeneas’ dangerous disobedience to the ordinances of the Gods that kills him. In Oedipus Rex, it is Oedipus’s inability to control his temper which proves a mortal flaw. Yet, In Beowulf, despite Beowulf’s heroism and his preoccupation with honor, he operates with free will and without the burden of a character flaw. Heroism is attached with its own qualities that make up the characteristics of Beowulf and Aeneas. Throughout Beowulf, his acts of heroism were highly praised. Many times, the king of the Danes praised Beowulf for his battle accomplishments and believed he would excel in defeating the monster that terrorized his castle. The king looks to Beowulf as if he were his own son, and believes he will one day be a great leader. Towards the end of the epic, the speaker states that â€Å"Onela returned/ To the land of Sweden, leaving Beowulf/ To ascend the throne, to sit in majesty/ And rule over the Geats. He was a good king† (Lines 2387-2390). His fate was not predetermined by God, and this persuades Beowulf to become a righteousShow MoreRelatedMacbeth vs Beowulf874 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf and Macbeth Beowulf, identified as an epic hero and Macbeth, identified as a tragic hero both are very similar and different in their own ways. The epic poem, Beowulf translated by Seamus Heaney and the tragic play, Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare both have heroes as the protagonist of the story. The stories written in two different time periods, still can be seen with many similarities and differences. A tragic hero is of high ranking and unfortunately has a flaw that they possessRead MoreFate And Fate In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight741 Words   |  3 Pagesbut sometimes their fate may have a positive or negative effect. In the epic poem Beowulf, the hero battles many enemies and at the same time discovering his destinies. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain must be able to meet his fate as he faces the Green Knight. In the tragedy Macbeth, Macbeth finds ways to try and alter his fate. Fate is portrayed in the epic poem Beowulf as he discovers his heroic destiny, in the epic poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight as Gawain is determined seek theRead MoreThe Anglo-Saxon Sonnet: Rewriting Shakespeare’s Sonnet 1301609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Anglo-Saxon Sonnet: Rewriting a Shakespeare’s Sonnet â€Å"130† Through the Eyes of the Author of Beowulf My woman’s sight-seers shine like the sun; Her kiss-givers grant a great fiery glow; Her bone-house is a rare beast made to stun; The hairs on her head hang as soft as snow. Like a pollen-producer gleams garnet, Her cheeks blush, blinding any early man; Unlike a slimy serpent’s foul sweat, Her scent smells of fresh gold, or better than. Her voice flows like the whale-road, that I’mRead MorePeriods of English Literature1515 Words   |  7 Pagesmonks also tried to infuse the Anglo-Saxons with a love for Christianity, where the heroes were Christ and his Apostles, by writing poetry such as â€Å"Cinewulf†, â€Å"The Dream of the Rood† and â€Å"Elene†. It was a monk, in fact, who wrote down the tale of â€Å"Beowulf†, the most celebrated tale of the period. â€Å"Beowulf† is a folk epic that is representative of the Old English period, in both life and character. â€Å"Beowulf† can be summarized as the tale of a brave and heroic warrior, who has superhuman strengthRead MoreMonsters And The Core Program1826 Words   |  8 PagesMonsters and Villains in the Core Program Monsters and villains have been a very crucial part in Core 3 and Core 4. We have read some of the most well none villains in Core including Humbaba from Gilgamesh, Polyphemus from The Odyssey, Grendel from Beowulf, and Iago from Othello. Teratology is the study of monsters and throughout Core we have learned some of the characteristics that are monsters have in common. Mostly all the monsters that we have studied reveals society’s fears or something wrongRead MoreEssay on Examples of the Shadow Archetype in Famous Literature3010 Words   |  13 Pagesof his back, he had to face his fear and confront it. What Beowulf did in the epic, Beowulf, was confront his evil daemon head on. The monster that Beowulf confronted was called Grendel. Grendel is a monster that lashes out on the Danes, but then is eventually stopped by Beowulf. Grendel’s name means â€Å"grinder† and â€Å"storm†, and Grendel lives up to his name as he invades the Mead Hall and attacks the innocent (Meeting the Shadow in Beowulf). Grendel is a symbol of the suppressed and unloved shadowRead MoreClassification of Literature3483 Words   |  14 Pagesof Literature Literature Prose Poetry Fiction Nonfiction Dramatic Narrative Lyric Drama Short Story Novel Tale Fable Myth Legends Folktales Essay Biography Autobiography Diary History Chronicle News Anecdote Tragedy Comedy Opera Operetta Ballad Epic Metrical Tale Metrical Romance Ode Sonnet Song Elegy POINT OF COMPARISON | PROSE | POETRY | Form | Paragraph | Verse | Language | Words and rhythms of ordinary and everyday language | Metrical, rhythmical, figurative language | Appeal | IntellectRead More Discuss Milton’s presentation of Satan in Paradise Lost Essay2739 Words   |  11 PagesMilton’s presentation of Satan in Paradise Lost There has been considerable critical interest in the figure of Satan in Paradise Lost, and in the possibility that he may be the true hero of the epic poem. The opening of the poem finds Milton in a tough spot: writing an epic poem without an epic hero in sight. In order to achieve a rationally balanced poem, he wants to let the first half rise from Hell through Chaos and towards Heaven, thereby balancing the fall of humankind in the followingRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagesconsciously aware we are, the more alive the text becomes to us. d. If you don’t recognize the correspondences, it’s ok. If a story is no good, being based on Hamlet won’t save it. 6. When in Doubt, It’s from Shakespeare†¦ a. Writers use what is common in a culture as a kind of shorthand. Shakespeare is pervasive, so he is frequently echoed. b. See plays as a pattern, either in plot or theme or both. Examples: i. Hamlet: heroic character, revenge, indecision, melancholy nature ii. Henry IV—a young manRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pagespress, books were rare and precious (Bingham and Scholt 1980). Amusing books written specifically for children would have been economically and psychologically impossible (Townsend 1996). Children would probably have listened to adult works such as Beowulf, Song of Roland, El Cid, King Arthur, and Robin Hood. Children and adults also enjoyed folk tales and literature rich with fantasy and imagination, as myth was the way they made sense of their world. While there were no manuscripts devoted specifically

Price Determination Free Essays

Price Determination under Monopoly Monopoly is that market form in which a single producer controls the whole supply of a single commodity which has no close substitute. From this definition there are two points that must be noted: (i) Single Producer:  There must be only one producer who may be anindividual, a partnership firm or a joint stock company. Thus single firmconstitutes the industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Price Determination or any similar topic only for you Order Now The distinction between firm and industry disappearsunder conditions of monopoly. (ii) No Close Substitute:  The commodity produced by the producer must have no closely competing substitutes, if he is to be called a monopolist. This ensuresthat there is no rival of the monopolist. Therefore, the cross elasticity ofdemand between the product of the monopolist and the product of any otherproducer must be very low. PRICE-OUTPUT  DETERMINATION UNDER  MONOPOLY: A firm under monopoly faces a downward sloping demand curve or average revenuecurve. Further, in monopoly, since average revenue falls as more units of output are sold,the marginal revenue is less than the average revenue. In other words, under monopolythe MR curve lies below the AR curve. The Equilibrium level in monopoly is that level of output in which marginal revenueequals marginal cost. The producer will continue producer as long as marginal revenueexceeds the marginal cost. At the point where MR is equal to MC the profit will bemaximum and beyond this point the producer will stop producing. It can be seen from the diagram that up till OM output, marginal revenue is greater thanmarginal cost, but beyond OM the marginal revenue is less than marginal cost. Therefore, the monopolist will be in equilibrium at output OM where marginal revenue isequal to marginal cost and the profits are the greatest. The corresponding price in thediagram is MP’ or OP. It can be seen from the diagram at output OM, while MP’  is the average revenue, ML is the average cost, therefore, P’L is the profit per unit. Now the total profit is equal to P’L (profit per unit) multiply by OM (total output). In the short run, the monopolist has to keep an eye on the variable cost, otherwise he willstop producing. In the long run, the monopolist can change the size of plant in responseto a change in demand. In the long run, he will make adjustment in the amount of thefactors, fixed and variable, so that MR equals not only to short run MC but also long run  MC How to cite Price Determination, Papers

Julius Caesar Was A Strong Leader For The Romans Who Changed The Cours

Julius Caesar was a strong leader for the Romans who changed the course of the history of the Greco - Roman world decisively and irreversibly. With his courage and strength he created a strong empire . What happened during his early political career? How did he become such a strong dictator of the Roman Empire? What events led up to the making of the first triumvirate? How did he rise over the other two in the triumvirate and why did he choose to take over? What happened during his reign as dictator of Rome? What events led up to the assassination of Caesar? What happened after he was killed? Caesar was a major part of the Roman Empire because of his strength and his strong war strategies. Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman whose dictatorship was pivotal in Rome's transition from republic to empire. When he was young Caesar lived through one of the most horrifying decades in the history of the city of Rome. The city was assaulted twice and captured by Roman armies, first in 87 BC by the leaders of the populares, his uncle Marius and Cinna. Cinna was killed the year that Caesar had married Cinna's daughter Cornelia. The second attack upon the city was carried our by Marius' enemy Sulla, leader of the optimates, in 82 BC on the latter's return from the East. On each occasion the massacre of political opponents was followed by the confiscation of their property. The proscriptions of Sulla, which preceded the reactionary political legislation enacted during his dictatorship left a particularly bitter memory that long survived. Caesar left Rome for the province of Asia on the condition that he divorce his wife because Sulla would only allow him to leave on that condition. When he heard the news that Sulla had been killed he returned to Rome. He studied rhetoric under the distinguished teacher Molon. In the winter of 75-74 BC Caesar was captured by pirated and, while in their custody awaiting the arrival of the ransom money which they demanded, threatened them with crucifixion , a threat which he fulfilled immediately after his release. He then returned to Rome to engage in a normal political career, starting with the quaetorship which he served in 69-68 BC in the province of Further Spain. In the Roman political world of the sixties the dominance of the optimates was challenged by Pompey and Crassus. The optimates, led by Quintus Lutatius Catulus and Lucius Licinius Lucullus , were chiefly men whose careers had been made by Sulla. Pompey and Crassus were consuls in 70 BC and had rescinded the most offensively reactionary measures of Sulla's legislation. During Pompey's absence from 67 to 62 BC during his campaigns against the Mediterranean pirates, Mithridates, and Crassus, his jealous rival. Caesar married Ponpeia after Cornelia's death and was appointed aedile in 65 BC As aedile , Caesar returned to Marius' trophies to their former place of honor in the Capitol, thus laying claim to leadership of the populares. When Caesar was a praetor, he supported a tribune who wanted Pompey recalled to restore order in Rome. As a result, Caesar was suspended from office for a period and antagonized Catulus. Before leaving Rome to govern Further Spain for a year, Caesar divorced his wife Pompeia because of the allegation that she had been implicated in the offense of Publius Clodius. The latter was then awaiting trial for breaking into Caesar's house the previous December disguised as a woman at the festival of the Bona Dea, which no man is allowed to attend. After his return from a successful year administrating Spain Caesar was elected consul for 59 BC through political alliance with Pompey and Crassus . This alliance was called the first triumvirate. Caesar's purpose was to gain a big military command. Pompey for his part sought the ratification of his Eastern settlement and land allotments for his discharged troops. Crassus sought a revision of the contract for collecting taxes in the province of Asia. An agrarian bill authorizing the purchase of land for Pompey's veterans was passed in January of 59 BC at a disorderly public assembly which Caesar's fellow consul Calpurnius Bibulus, was thrown from the platform and

Work

Work Introduction The society has undergone a significant transformation during the 21st century. These changes have affected different spheres of individual’s life. One of these spheres relates to work. Work demand is one of the major reasons for the increased need of work-life demands. Approximately 50% of the total workforce is comprised of women while 50% of all household adults are working (Chick, 2004, p.2).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Work-Life Balance And Its Influences On Employee Development And Career Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Findings of ‘The 2002 National Study on the Changing Workforce’ revealed that approximately 66% of all American families were dual earners by 1977. This means that these couples were salaried employees. However, the proportion grew to 78% by the end of 2002. Not only are the couples working but they are also required to work for long hours (C hick, 2004, p. 2). In most cases individuals working for long hours experience health problems. In addition to work demands, the demands of life are also influencing individuals to have a balance in their life. For example, the adults are required to take care of their children and elderly parents. From the study, 50% of the respondents interviewed said they do not have sufficient time for themselves while 63% said they do not have enough time to spend with their spouses. On the other hand, 67% of all the respondents interviewed said that they do not have sufficient time to spend with their kids. As a result of increased participation in their work, there is need for individuals to establish a balance. In addition to family life, there is an increase in the number of adults who are attending school in an effort to improve their life. This arises from the fact that workers are aimed at developing their career. Considering these challenges, workers are increasingly being concerned wit h ensuring that there is flexibility within their workplace in order to attain a balance (Romer, 2011, p.1). As a result, human resource managers are increasingly being concerned with work-life-balance as one of the human resource management concepts. This arises from the fact that the profitability of the firm is dependent on its effectiveness in retaining employees (Clutterbuck, 2003, p.34).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Clayton (2004, p.146), the success of organizational leadership is dependent on the effectiveness with which harmony between the organizational goals and employees’ priorities is established. Considering the changes in the society, the researcher appreciated the importance of analyzing the concept of work-life-balance and its influences on employee development and career management. Literature review According to Armstr ong (2006, p.152), work-life balance entails establishing a balance between ones life and his or her work. In their human resource management practices, organizations are increasingly considering adopting strategies that enable their workforce to have a certain degree of flexibility in their duties. Armstrong (2006, p.152) further asserts that the objective of work-life balance is to provide the employees with an opportunity of balancing their work with other personal responsibilities. According to Armstrong (2006, p.152) one of the employees’ needs that organizations are required to take into account is employee development. In order to attain this most organizations have incorporated an employee development policy. The policy is aimed at ensuring that employees continuously develop their skills and abilities. Factors that have contributed to increased demand of work-life balance Financial security The 21st century has been characterized by numerous economic challenges. For example, the recent economic crisis had adverse effects on individuals’ purchasing power. This arises from the fact that some organizations lost their jobs as organizations undertook downsizing. Coupled with the rise in the cost of living, these changes have stimulated the need to attain financial security. As a result, men and women are increasingly being involved in more than one job. Additionally, there has been a change in the perception of work. A significant proportion of individuals are considering work as a source of personal satisfaction and not a component of one’s survival. Currently, individuals are working in order to succeed in their career.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Work-Life Balance And Its Influences On Employee Development And Career Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Demographic changes and diversity in organizations The high rate of diversity within organizations is one of the reasons why human resource managers are faced with numerous challenges. This has further stimulated the need for work-life balance. According to Metusin, and Ooi (2006, p.77), one of the most valuable competences that human resource managers should possess entails understanding and harmonizing the existing differences between the employees. Ghani, Metusin and Ooi (2006, p. 77) further assert that understanding diversity in addition to the growing need for a balanced life amongst the employees has become a prerequisite for a firm attaining sustained performance. Demographic changes such as aging are contributing towards an increment in the amount of responsibilities facing workers. According to Ghani, Metusin and Ooi (2006, p. 77), it is estimated that there will be an increment in the number of workers who are charged with the responsibility of caring for their family members. Ghani, Metusin and Ooi (2006, p. 77) assert that there has been a decline in fertility among st individuals on one hand while on the other there is increment in longevity. The resultant effect is that is emergence of an aging population. Ceiri, Holmes, Abbott and Pettit (2002, p.2) asserts that if the rate of fertility is constant at 1.6 children for every adult lady, the result will be an increment in the proportion of the aging population from 13.9% during the 1990s to 28% by 2030 within the OECD countries. This arises from the fact that the employees have to take care of their loved ones. Additionally, the high rate at which women are being integrated in the workforce is creating pressure to human resource managers with regard to work-life balance and diversity management. Ceiri, Holmes, Abbott and Pettit (2002, p.2) are of the opinion that the current demographic changes means that human resource managers have to formulate and implement human resource policies and strategies that take into account the employees’ work-life needs and also takes into account the div erse workforce.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Influences of work-life balance on employee development and career management Work-life balance plays a vital role in the development of the employees. Employee development entails the various activities are associated with the employee training and development. Employee training is an important component of ensuring that a firm attains competitive advantage. Needle (2010, p.482) asserts that the skills gained through the training act as an organization’s source of competitive advantage. Work-life balance enables an organization employee development program to be effective. This arises from the fact that the fact that the employees become committed to the program. Additionally, work-life balance enables employees to be effective in their career management. From an individual point of view, career management entails the various developmental practices that are undertaken in order to enable the employees execute their job. On the other hand, organizations consider career manage ment to include the various practices and policies that are implemented with the objective of attaining the needs of a suitable proportion of employees who are well trained. Career management is critical in ensuring that an organization has effective staff. On the other hand work-life balance enhances firms in their career management in that it contributes towards a high level of employee retention. On the other hand, work-life balance enables a firm to be effective in their development hence attaining their career objectives. Benefits of work-life balance Currently, a large number of workers are increasingly becoming aware of the benefits associated with an organization having flexible human resource strategies. This has arisen from realization of the fact that it is impossible to separate work and the various life commitments. However, employees are faced with a challenge in their quest to attain work-life balance. This arises from the fact that their workload is increasing as org anizations shift to flat and more participative structures. The resultant effect is that it is becoming difficult for employee’s to establish a balance between their career and life. According to Coussey (2000, p.1), there is a high probability of an individual succeeding in he or she establishes a balance between his or her life and work. Coussey (2000, p.1) is of the opinion that work-life balance entails developing working practices that are beneficial to both the organization and the employees. From an employee’s point of view, work-life balance entails establishing and maintaining a balance between one’s responsibilities at home and work. Considering the competitive nature of the labor market, it has become paramount for business organizations to recruit and retain motivated employees. According to Torun (2007, p.4), employee turnover can be costly to an organization. However, implementation of work-life balance programs can contribute towards a firm improv ing its employee retention rate. A study conducted in Hoechst Celanese which is a Japanese firm revealed that 60% of the employees interviewed said that the firm’s ability to ensure that there is a balance between the employees’ work and their life was a key determinant in their decision to continue working with the firm (Torun, 2007, p.4). Additionally, work-life balance programmes within organizations act as marketing tools that organizations use to attract employees. The need to retain the employees has become a motivating factor why organizations are increasingly incorporating work-life balance in their human resource management practices and policies. Coussey (2000, p.1) asserts that the profitability of businesses is dependent on the level of employee motivation. If an organization does not incorporate work-life balance, there is a high probability of the employees’ attitude being affected negatively. The result is that their morale is diminished. Lockwood (2003, p. 7) opines that incorporation of work-life balance contributes towards an organization minimizing absenteeism amongst its employees. This arises from the fact that the level of stress which is depicted by increased health problems amongst the employees and absences are minimal (Lockwood, 2003, p.7). In the long term, work-life balance contributes towards a decline in the employees health care cost. Findings of a study conducted by the American Institute on Stress revealed that approximately one million workers do not attend work daily as a result of stress complications (Lockwood, 2003, p.7). The resultant effect is that the employees’ productivity is enhanced culminating into an improvement in the probability of the organization attaining its goals. Not only is work-life balance being advocated by human resource managers but also by researchers and governments. During the 21st century, work-life balance is being considered as a strategic human resource management i ssue. As a result, human resource managers are integrating the concept of work-life balance in their employee retention strategies (Martin, 2010, p.35). In order to survive in the long term as going concern entities, organizations should appreciate the changes in employees needs. This will play a vital role in formulating flexible work-life balance strategies. Problem Work-life conflicts According to Bird (2006, p.3) asserts that the changes within the society have presented both workers and organizations with a challenge. The challenge emanates from existence of a conflict between the workers personal life and their work. The employees’ personal responsibilities and their work may be mutually incompatible to some degree. Needle (2010, p.482) asserts that employees’ personal responsibilities usually conflict with the needs of the organization. This has made management teams of firms in different economic sectors to shift their focus to employees as their core concern. The shift towards the employees arises from the fact that organizations recognize the fact that they can lose the employees. Additionally, organization can also be sued if they fail to address the employee’s needs. Discussion Human resource management strategies to enhance work-life balance There are a wide range of strategies that human resources managers can integrate their management practices in order eliminate work-life conflict. Integration of work-life balance will give the employees a high degree of flexibility. The following are some of the strategies that organizations can integrate in order to attain work-life balance. Part-time work This strategy entails a permanent form of employment whereby individuals are required to work for fewer hours per week. The employee is required to fulfill the responsibilities assigned within a specific duration. This strategy is more appealing to workers who prefer to have more leisure time and parents who need to be with their chil dren. By incorporating part-time work, an organization can enable its employees to achieve work-life balance. Job sharing According to Pride, Hughes and Kapoor (2010, p.295), job sharing entails an employment arrangement in which tow employees share a single full-time job. Job sharing is attained by dividing the number of hours that each party works. For example, one of the job-sharer may be required to work from 8.00 am to 12 noon while the other party works from 1 to 5 p.m. alternatively, the employees may decide to alternate the days that each one works. By incorporating the concept of job sharing, an organization is able to attract highly skilled employees. For example, some professionals may not be available fulltime. Job sharing gives an organization an opportunity to have a strong work-force. However, this strategy is only applicable to some jobs. Telecommuting The 21st century has been characterized by a growth in the rate of technological innovation. Organizations are incre asingly incorporating technology in their human resource management practices. According to Pride, Hughes and Kapoor (2010, p.295), telecommuting entails allowing employees to work at home either full time or for a number of hours every week. Some of the technologies that facilitate telecommuting include modems, personal computers, cellular phones, fax machines, and voice mails. Additionally, the emergence of overnight couriers is also enhancing the growth in telecommunication. Telecommuting presents a high degree of flexibility to the employees. This arises from the fact that the employees have the discretion of determining the most appropriate time to work. This means that they can have more time to spend with their families. Pride, Hughes and Kapoor (2010, p.295) assert that organizations that have incorporated telecommuting experience minimal employee turnover and absenteeism. Another benefit relate to increased work-life balance. Flextime strategy In this strategy, human resour ce managers give the employees an opportunity to determine the number of hours that they prefer to be working. However, the hours have to be within certain limits that are predetermined by the employer. In this strategy, the human resource manager sets two main time bands. These include the flextime and core time. The flextime relates to the time when the employees may prefer to be working. On the other hand, the core time entails the specific hours within which the employees must be at work. For example, the core hours may range from 8 am to 11 am. This strategy gives the employees an opportunity to work for a certain number of hours and then have the discretion to attend to their personal responsibilities (Pride, Hughes Kapoor, 2010, p.295). This means that employees can be able to attain work-life balance. However, this strategy is guided by a condition that stipulates that employees must work for a predetermined number of hours. Compressed schedules According to Kaiser (2011, p .212), compressed schedules entails a working arrangement whereby employees are required to work for a predetermined number of hours weekly. However, instead of the working hours being distributed evenly throughout the week, the employees have the discretion on how to distribute the working hours throughout the week. Through this strategy, employees can work for more hours on a particular day in order have take an off on a particular day. Holidays, leaves and career breaks Human resource managers should also consider incorporating company-paid holidays annually. Other strategies which human resource management should consider include integration of leaves. There are a wide range of leaves that human resource managers should consider in their human resource management practices. One example of such leaves include leave without pay. Additionally, human resource managers can also consider implementing an extra leave in which the employees receive a proportionate compensation during the leave period. According to Raddon (2005, p.50), integration of career breaks would also play a vital role in enhancing work-life balance. Career breaks are an important component of ensuring that employees develop their skills. Career break give employees an opportunity to address their economic needs. The resultant effect is that the employees remain competitive within the work environment. During the career breaks, an employee is able to address other family commitments. Conclusion The study has illustrated the importance of incorporating work-life balance as one of the human resource management practices. Currently, the society is characterized by numerous changes which are affecting workers in executing their duties. Some of these changes relate to increased responsibilities amongst the employees. The workforce has also experienced a significant transformation as a result of increment in the number of women who are employed. These women have to take care of their families. Othe r changes relate to demographic characteristics of the society. For example, there has been an increment in the proportion of the aging population which has to be taken care of. Additionally, employees are faced with a rise in the cost of living and hence the need to attain financial security. As a result, most employees including women are working for long hours. The study has also illustrated that diversity within the workforce is stimulating organizations to consider incorporating work-life balance. The increment in the amount of responsibilities that employees are facing has stimulated the need for work-life balance. This arises from the fact that employees are increasingly experiencing work-life conflicts. Integration of work-life balance as a human resource management strategy is beneficial to both the employees and the organizations. Some of the benefits associated with work-life balance include increased employee retention, increased productivity, and improvement in the empl oyee well being and reduced labor costs. In the long run, an organization’s profitability is improved. On the other hand, work-life balance contributes towards the employee developing their career. This arises from the fact that organizations are forced to incorporate employee development and career management strategies. Additionally, the employees have sufficient time to develop their careers through various means such as going back to school. The study has illustrated that there are a wide range of human resource management strategies that organizations can adopt in order to ensure flexibility. Some of these strategiesinclude part-time works, job sharing and telecommuting. Alternatively, human resource managers can also consider developing compressed schedules, flextime, holidays, leaves and career breaks. Through these strategies, there is a high probability of an organization being successful incorporating work-life balance. The resultant effect is that the organization is able to eliminate work-life balance. Reference List Armstrong, M., 2006. A handbook of human resource management practice. London: Kogan Page. Bird, J., 2006. Work-life balance doing it right and avoiding pitfalls. New York: Wiley Incorporation. Chick, E., 2004. Fundamentals of work-life balance; career development. Alexandria, V.A: ASTD Press. Cieri, H., Holmes, B. Abbott, J. Pettit, T., 2002. Work-life balance strategies:  progress and problems in Australian organizations. Sydney: Monash University. Clutterbuck, D., 2003. Managing work-life balance: a guide for HR in achieving  organizational and individual change. London: Chartered Institute of Professional Development. Coussey, M., 2000. Getting the right work-life balance; implementing family-friendly  practices. London: Chartered Institute of Professional Development. Clayton, D., 2004. Leadershift; the work life balance program. Camberwell Vic: ACER Press. Ghani, A., Metusin, A. Ooi, K., 2006. HRD for developing st ates and companies:  proceedings of the 2005 Brunei. Singapore: ISEAS. Kaiser, S., 2011. Creating balance? International perspectives on the work life  integration of professionals. New York: Springer. Lockwood, N., 2003. Work-life balance; challenges and solutions. New York: Society for Human Resource Management. Martin, J., 2010. Key concepts in human resource management. Los Angeles: Sage. Needle, D., 2010. Business in context; an introduction to business and its  environment. Andover: South-Western Cengage Learning. Raddon, R., 2005. Your career, your life; career management for the information  professional. Aldershot: Burlington. Romer, C., 2011. Work-life balnce and the economics of workplace flexibility. New York: Diane Publishing. Torun, F., 2007. Work-life balance- any improve for business? Berlin: Munchen Grin Verlag.

How To Use the Spanish ‘Cuando’

How To Use the Spanish ‘Cuando’ The Spanish word cuando  usually the equivalent of the English when, although its use is far more versatile than the English word. It can serve as a preposition, conjunction, or adverb, and it frequently is used in situations where when doesnt work as a translation. Cuando as a Conjunction Cuando is used most often as a conjunction, a type of word that in this case connects two clauses, a sentence-like statement that includes a subject (which may be implied) and a verb. Although the conjunction cuando can often be translated as when, cuando doesnt always indicate that a time element is at play. In those situations, context sometimes makes it better to think of cuando as meaning a condition such as if or since. Here are some examples of cuando meaning when: Siempre voy al mercado cuando estoy en la ciudad. (I always go to the market when I am in the city. Here cuando joins the two clauses siempre voy al mercado and estoy en la ciudad.)Su padre era drogadicto cuando ella era una nià ±a. (Her father was a drug addict when she was a girl. Cuando joins su padre era drogadicto and ella era una nià ±a.)Cuando llegà ³ al aeropuerto me puse en la fila equivocada. (When I arrived at the airport, I got in the wrong line. As this sentence shows, a conjunction can link two clauses even when it comes at the beginning of the sentence rather than between the clauses.) If the action of the verb after cuando took place in the past, is ongoing, or takes place in the present, the verb is in the indicative mood. But if it takes place in the future, the subjunctive is used. Note the difference between these two sentences. Cuando la veo, siempre me siento feliz. (When I see her, I always feel happy. The action of siento is ongoing, so it is in the indicative mood.)Cuando la veo maà ±ana, me sienta feliz. (When I see her tomorrow, I will feel happy. The action of the verb happens tomorrow, so the subjunctive mood is used.) Here are examples of where a translation other than when might be used for cuando: Vamos a salir cuando està © tarde. (We are going to leave if he is late. Depending on the context, this sentence doesnt necessarily suggest that the person will be late.)Cuando brilla el Sol, podemos ir a la playa. (Since the sun is shining, we can go to the beach. Since works better than when in translation if it is known to the speaker and listener that the sun is shining.) Cuando as an Adverb When it appears in questions before a verb, cundo functions as an adverb and receives an orthographic accent.  ¿Cundo vienes? (When are you coming?) ¿Cundo van a llegar al hotel? (When will they are arrive at the hotel? ¿Cundo compraron el coche? (When did they buy a car?)No sà © cundo se resolver mi futuro. (I dont known when my future will be determined. This is an example of an indirect question.) Cuando also functions as an adverb when it follows a form of ser. When is almost always a suitable translation. Era cuando yo estaba ms vulnerable. (It was when I was most vulnerable.)Mi mentira favorita era cuando me decà ­as, te amo. (My favorite lie was when you told me, I love you.)La parte difà ­cil es cuando se tienen cuatro o cinco actores en la misma escena. (The difficult part is when there are four or five actors in the same scene.) Cuando as a Preposition When used as a preposition, cuando can often be translated as during or at the time of. Often the sentence using cuando  in this way cannot be translated word for word but must be loosely translated to indicate that something happened during the time of the prepositional object. Some examples: La escribià ³Ã‚  cuando  estudiante. (She wrote it when she was a student. Note that there are no words in Spanish that directly say she was, but that meaning is implied. A word-for-word translation would be when student, but that doesnt make sense.)Asà ­Ã‚  fue  cuando  la Revolucià ³n Francesa.  (Thats how it was during the French Revolution.)Cuando las  inundaciones  yo era muy chica. (At the time of the  floods  I was very young.)Yo era enfermizo cuando muchacho con asma, (As a  boy  with asthma I was sickly.) Key Takeaways Although cuando can be thought of as the Spanish word for when, it can also be used in other ways.A common use of cuando is as a conjunction combining two clauses.When cundo means when as an interrogative adverb in a question, the first syllable receives an accent mark.

E-Government Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 17000 words

E-Government Literature Review - Essay Example g political combine, but the government has to take care of the interest of its citizens in other countries or regions, undertake infrastructure developmental activities and frame policies for effective control on the affairs. One understanding of government is a notion of public social control, logically related to responsiveness in handling the affairs of the state (McGarrell et al. 1997). Indeed, government exits in different forms depending upon the acceptability within the territory. In establishing a working definition, the research contained herein takes on a pragmatic understanding of government; in the contextual frame of working government definitions, this understanding is a broad reaching approach. Influenced by Drapeau (2009), government is ultimately understood in five different ways: iii. Government as a Partner: Government is supposed to work towards developing the municipality, the state or the country by soliciting active support and cooperation of its citizens, organizations and like-minded political affiliations As government is composed of citizens, it is necessary to consider the nature of citizenship. Someone who is an authorized resident of a territory, state or country is termed as the citizen of that particular region. Respective government makes efforts to ensure distinctive rights and privileges for their citizens in order to make them happy and seek their active cooperation in nation building. For example, the UK government came out with the attempts to propose an â€Å"entitlement card† for its authorized citizens in order to relate the rights and entitlements of their citizenship. This is being done with the help of standard biometric identification cards for British citizens (Beynon-Davies, 2007). This indicates the kind of importance attached with being a citizen of the country. Today, we are living in the era of globalization, which is marked by freer movement of people across boundaries, in different states and countries.