Classical and Contemporary Management Free Essays

string(54) could be accomplished if the guidelines were not all that explicit. Global Information Technology University| Classical and Contemporary Management |â Introduction The universe of overseeing individuals and procedures keeps on evolving drastically. Supervisors are confronted with the clashing difficulties of understanding and rousing an inexorably assorted workforce, being open and responsible to a wide assortment of partners, making arrangements for the future in an undeniably changing condition and considering the moral ramifications of dynamic. All things considered there is a premise of information that was knowledgeable about the long periods of creation blast which is called traditional hypothesis of the executives. We will compose a custom article test on Old style and Contemporary Management or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now In this paper I will depict them both and give focal points and downsides of each. The Classical School of Management The old style school is the most established proper school of the executives. Its starts to create from the twentieth century. The traditional school of the executives for the most part concerns approaches to oversee work and associations all the more effectively. Three territories of study that can be gathered under the traditional school are: logical administration, regulatory administration, and bureaucratic administration. The traditional school of the board has looked to characterize the quintessence of the executives as all inclusive essential capacities. These, it was trusted, would shape the subjective reason for a lot of significant abilities to be obtained, by all eventual administrators through conventional training. Body of the traditional school’s the board thought depended on the conviction that representatives have just prudent and physical needs, and that social needs and requirement for work fulfillment either don’t exist or are insignificant. Appropriately, this school advocates high specialization of work, incorporated dynamic, and benefit boost. See likewise conduct school of the board, possibility school of the board, quantitative school of the board, and frameworks school of the board. The traditional administration hypothesis is a school of the executives where scholars dove into how to locate the most ideal route for laborers to play out their undertakings. The old style the executives hypothesis is separated into two branches, the traditional logical and the old style authoritative. Likewise think about understanding this: Advantages and Disadvantages of Administrative Management The old style logical branch originates from the logical outlook of endeavoring to build efficiency. During the tallness of the traditional logical hypothesis, scholars would utilize practically mechanical techniques towards work and association to accomplish objectives of profitability and productivity. A portion of the fundamental procedures of the old style logical hypothesis incorporate making normalized strategies for an assignment and partitioning work between representatives similarly. Then again, the old style managerial hypothesis centers around how the board can be composed to accomplish efficiency. Henri Fayol, a main figure in the executives hypothesis, formulated a few administration speculations outfitted towards productivity, for example, making a bound together bearing among supervisors, centralization, and control. Other administration hypotheses concentrated on building group certainty, for example, setting up collaboration, utilizing activity, and value. Qualities of Classical Management Theory Current administration association and structure can discover a lot of its foundations from the old style the board hypothesis. One of the fundamental points of interest of the old style the executives hypothesis was to devise an approach for how the executives ought to work. The board standards concocted during this period can be viewed as an establishment for current administration conduct today, for example, filling in as a power of power and duty. What's more, another advantage of the traditional administration hypothesis is the emphasis on division of work. By isolating work, assignments could be finished all the more rapidly and effectively, consequently permitting profitability to increment. Division of work can be seen in numerous applications today, running from drive-thru eateries to huge creation offices. What's more, the traditional administration hypothesis additionally offered ascend to an absolutist initiative style, permitting representatives to take heading and order from their administrators. Shortcomings of the Classical Management Theories Classical speculations and the standards got from them keep on being well known today with certain alterations. Numerous reactions have been aimed at the classicists. A few significant ones are examined here. Dependence on experience †a large number of the essayists in the old style school of the board built up their thoughts based on their encounters as directors or specialists with just specific kinds of associations. For example, Taylor’s and Fayol’s work came basically from their encounters with enormous assembling firms that were encountering stable conditions. It might be indiscreet to sum up from those circumstances to others particularly to youthful, high-innovation firms of today that are defied day by day with changes in their competitors’ items. Untested suspicions †Many of the suppositions made by old style authors were put together not with respect to logical tests yet on esteem decisions that communicated what they accepted to be appropriate ways of life, moral codes, and mentalities toward progress. For example, the old style approaches appear to see the life of a specialist as starting and closure at the plant entryway. Their essential supposition that will be that laborers are basically inspired by cash and that they work just for more cash. They likewise expect that efficiency is the best proportion of how well a firm is performing. These suspicions neglect to perceive that representatives may have needs and needs disconnected to the work environment or may see their occupations just as an essential abhorrence. Disappointment of thinking about the casual association. In their weight on formal connections in the association, old style approaches will in general disregard casual relations as portrayed by social exchange among laborers, the rise of gathering pioneers separated from those predetermined by the conventional association, etc. At the point when such things are not thought of, almost certainly, numerous significant components influencing fulfillment and execution, for example, letting workers take an interest in dynamic and errand arranging, will never be investigated or attempted. Unintended results †old style approaches target accomplishing high profitability, at making practices unsurprising, and at accomplishing reasonableness among laborers and among chiefs and laborers; yet they neglect to perceive that few unintended outcomes can happen by and by. For example, an overwhelming accentuation on rules and guidelines may make individuals obey leads aimlessly without recalling their unique goal. As a rule, since rules build up a base degree of execution expected of representatives, a base level is all they accomplish. Maybe significantly more could be accomplished if the principles were not all that unequivocal. You read Old style and Contemporary Management in class Article models Human hardware traditional speculations leave the feeling that the association is a machine and that laborers are basically parts to be fitted into the machine to make it run proficiently. In this way, a significant number of the standards are concerned first with making the association effective, with the supposition that laborers will fit in with the work setting if the budgetary motivators are pleasing. Static conditions †associations are affected by outer conditions that frequently vacillate after some time, yet traditional administration, hypothesis presents a picture of an association that isn't molded by outside impacts. Since a large number of these reactions of the traditional school are cruel, a few focuses should be made with regards to essayists during this period. To start with, the work power was not exceptionally taught or prepared to perform a large number of the occupations that existed at that point. It was not basic for laborers to think as far as what â€Å"career† they were going to seek after. Or maybe, for some, the chance to acquire a protected activity and a degree of wages to accommodate their families was all they requested from the work setting. Second, a great part of the composing occurred when innovation was experiencing a quick change, especially in the region of assembling. Without a doubt, for some essayists, innovation was the main impetus behind hierarchical and social change. Subsequently, their emphasis was on discovering approaches to build productivity. It was accepted that all mankind could do was to adjust to the quickly evolving conditions. At last, next to no had been done already as far as producing a cognizant and valuable assemblage of the executives hypothesis. A significant number of the traditional scholars were composing without any preparation, obliged generally to depend on their own understanding and perceptions. Along these lines their center is justifiably tight. The Classical School of Management was viably the principal cognizant arrangement of hypothetical points of view about association and the executives covering Scientific Management, Administrative Management and Structuralized Management. As we probably am aware, F. W. Taylor, Henri Fayol, and Max Weber are exceptional patrons of Classical School of the board thought who made incredible commitment and established a framework for contemporary administration. Contemporary Management The universe of overseeing individuals and procedures keeps on evolving significantly. Directors are confronted with the clashing difficulties of understanding and persuading an inexorably differing workforce, being open and responsible to a wide assortment of partners, making arrangements for the future in an undeniably changing condition and considering the moral ramifications of dynamic. Contemporary Managementâ offers a new and integrative perspective on the administrator in the working environment in accordance with this evolving condition. It sees the chief as an individual, working with individuals and inside an association, and holding esteems and morals. As

The Duggars- Children Hoarders Essays - Family, Social Psychology

The Duggars-Children Hoarders Families are the life-blood of humankind?s maintainability. Prior to World War II, numerous families in the United States were a more distant family or multigenerational. These units comprised of guardians, their posterity, the grandparents, aunties and uncles. The start of the suburbs during the 1950s offered ascend to a dynamic move to family units made up of the mother, father and kids. Similar to past ages, the pattern currently is swinging back to the more distant family course of action for some, various conditions, including financial matters. We additionally have the other side of the coin- - the cutting edge family. The advanced family in America runs the entire extent from the housewife, the provider father and the two point three kids to same sex couples that have received youngsters to finish their family tree. At that point there is the Duggar family, an absolutely off-the-diagram faction that has re-imagined the term ?family.? The Duggars, have been put on the map in li ght of their apparently unlimited brood. They further their status by permitting their youngsters to become ?reality stars? of The Learning Channel?s (TLC) creation of ?19 Kids and Counting.? Everything shows up extremely blameless and light inside the thirty minutes of the well altered week after week appear, however underneath the grins there are some dull privileged insights. This family is The guardians, Jim Bob and Michelle,are abusing of the youngsters for monetary profit - that might be deserving of an examination by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). - Exploitation of youngsters - Indoctrination as opposed to changing over of youngsters, worked in groupies, fifth segment gathering - Breed like hares what number of youngsters will their kids have? fifth section bunch pace of multiplication global control -

Topic Of Assignment Is In Assignment Criteria Because Here Is Not

Topic Of Assignment Is In Assignment Criteria Because Here Is Not Topic Of Assignment Is In Assignment Criteria Because Here Is Not Enough Place â€" Assignment Example > AbstractThis paper uses AP-Moller Maersk Group to show how through good strategic management planning can move a company from small size to a multinational company. AP-Moller Maersk Group is a company that started as family business using one ship and today has been able to place itself at the top of the world’s leading shipping company today carrying out various forms of intermodal transportation. The paper goes on to stress how important intermodal transportation can be beneficial not only to the company, but to the whole economy of the country and at an international level. IntroductionEven though considered as the world carrier of goods around the world, with an estimated 90% of goods being transported by sea, the shipping industry is still widely perceived as one of the most complex industries with ever changing conditions governing the industry. Its services are the most homogeneous making it a perfectly competitive market. The industry has also over the years witnessed so me technical changes all due to the ever increasing level of world trade since the 1960’s, with an estimated 12,056btm of cargo being transported by sea in the 1990’s as compared to 31btm of cargo transported by air and some 3,853btm by rail in same year (Martin, 2005, p. 8). The peak of the problem arose when it became abundantly clear to the industry observers that the traditional “break bulk” shipping will not be able to carry around the world the increasing cargo while performing their duties of safe delivery of the cargo. This therefore led to the palletization and containerization as a means to resolve the problems. At the same time, a revolution took place whereby, there was the increasing need for the use of bigger ships as it was realised that this could lead to a great reduction of shipping costs since industries increasingly preferred using ships than to the old rail and road methods. From 1945 to 1995, oil tankers increased by size of almost twenty times while dry bulk vessels became almost some fifteen times bigger. With this increase in ship sizes, the industry benefited from a great advantage due to reduction in cost to carry around their raw materials (e. g. this led to the cost of transporting coal by sea from Virginia to Jacksonville, Florida almost three times cheaper than by rail) (Chrzanowski, 1985). This paper will use AP-Moller Maersk as case study to show how the company applies the intermodal mode of transport. AP- Møller Maersk CompanyThe A. P. Møller - Maersk Group is a worldwide conglomerate operating in some 130 countries with a workforce of some 115,000 employees. The A. P. Moller - Maersk Group is one of the world’s largest shipping companies, and also involved in a wide range of activities in the energy, logistics, retail and manufacturing industries. The company started in April 1904 when A. P. Møller together with his father, Captain Peter Mærsk Møller, established A/S Dampskibsselskabet Svendborg (the Steam ship Company Svendborg) and bought a second-hand vessel, which was renamed SVENDBORG. The company had its first office in A. P. Møller’s childhood home “Villa Anna” in Svendborg.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Inflammation - 2282 Words

Inflammation is the localized immune response to tissue damage, injury, or infection. It is characterized by warmth, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function. There are two types of inflammation: acute and chronic. Acute inflammation usually lasts a few hours to a few days while chronic inflammation lasts weeks or even months. There are a string of diseases and cancers that are possibly linked to inflammation. The inflammation can initially be acute, but if unresolved can lead to chronic inflammation which could ultimately progress to serious diseases, carcinogenesis, or tumorigenesis. Research has been conducted to figure out and understand totally the role of inflammation, inflammatory cells, and inflammatory mediators in certain diseases and cancers. Keywords: inflammation; carcinogenesis;tumorigenesis Introduction If you have ever gotten a splinter, scraped your knee, or even sprained your ankle you have experienced inflammation. It is recorded that the Egyptians had knowledge of the inflammatory process, but it was the Romans who defined the process by its characteristics: warmth, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function (1). There are four steps within the inflammation process: pathogen recognition, migration of immune cells to infection site, pathogen elimination, and resolution (9). Pathogen invasion, or tissue damage, is recognized by surface-expressed pattern recognition receptors or PRRs (8). These receptors detect pathogen-associated molecularShow MoreRelatedThe Respiratory System Of The Lungs And Air Passages889 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween the cells and blood stream. With all systems there are unique pathologies tied to each one including the respiratory. Asthma is hypersensitivity to an allergen, leads to bronchospasms and chest tightness, treatment options include bronchodilators. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes; there are two types of bronchitis- Acute bronchitis infection characterized by rales and chest pain- Chronic bronchitis frequent attacks of acute bronchitis and prolonged exposureRead MoreLiving With Crohn s Disease1126 Words   |  5 Pagesmistaken for harmful intruders and the immune system launches an attack response. Cells move from the blood into the intestines and produce inflammation which is a normal immune system response. The inflammation does not subside, leading to chronic inflammation, ulceration, thickening of the intestinal wall, and eventually causing patient symptoms. The tell-tale symptoms of Crohn’s disease are abdominal cramps and pain, urgent need to move bowels, sensation of incomplete evacuation, severe or persistentRead MoreGeneral Description Of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus1462 Words   |  6 Pagesorgans. Inflammation can affect many different body systems including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs. Lupus can be difficult to diagnose because the signs and symptoms, and a physical examination lead to a diagnosis. A facial rash across both cheeks resembling wings of butterfly is the most distinctive sign of lupus that occurs in many but not all cases. There is no cure for lupus and only treatments that can help control symptoms. Pathophysiology The inflammation causedRead MoreWhat Is Crohn’S Disease?. Crohn’S Disease, Also Known As1102 Words   |  5 Pagesaffected areas of Crohn’s disease, but may develop anywhere in the digestive track (Healthwise Staff, 2014). Inflammation caused by this disease normally spreads deep into the affected layers of bowel tissue causing pain and may lead to life-threatening problems (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2017). Crohn’s disease causes many symptoms that can be severely painful for those affected and the treatment options only lead the patient to remission, not recovery. Cause of Crohn’s Disease The cause of Crohn’s diseaseRead MoreNo Cure for Crohns Disease1607 Words   |  6 PagesThere is no known cure for Crohns disease (CD). However, several treatment options are available to relieve the symptoms associated with the disease, ranging from dietary modification to medication and surgery (Steinhart, 2012). Diet and Nutrition: Nutrition is an important factor for patients with Crohn’s disease, and plays a big role in the management of inflammatory bowel disease and its symptoms by maintaining general health during times of disease activity and remission (Filippi et al., 2006)Read MoreEssay on Rheumatoid Arthritis: Causes, Treatments, and Future Cure1243 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Æ' Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease that has direct involvement with the immune system. This disease is considered to be degenerative and currently the only thing that can be done is manage the painful symptoms and suppress the self targeting actions by using immune suppressing drugs. The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is mostly unknown but there is a high amount of evidence that there are genetic predispositions for the disease. This being said however there are also environmental factorsRead MoreDiscussion. Cause. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Is Complex1711 Words   |  7 Pagesa combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The body’s autoimmune cells fail to distinguish a diseased cell or foreign organism from its own healthy cells. Consequently, the autoimmune system attacks its own cells causing inflammation in multiple systems including; the kidneys, skin, heart, lungs, hematopoetic, and nervous system. An estimation of 20 – 100 different genetic factors make a person susceptible to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (UMMC, 2017, P.3). However, one geneRead MoreCrohns Disease is Inflammation in the Digestive System Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesCrohn’s disease is a life-long condition effecting victims of any age. It is considered a form of an inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation in the digestive system. The cause of the disease is unknown. The inflammation is due to the immune system attacking the healthy cells throughout the body’s gastrointestinal tract. The exact causes of Crohn’s disease remain unknown, but most believe that factors that contribute to the disease may include genetics, immune system, environment, etcRead MoreThe Disease Of Behcet s Disease924 Words   |  4 Pages[ABDA], 2014). The disease, recognized worldwide, can affect multiple systems in the human body and associated with morbidity and mortality. Dr. Hulusi Behcet (2014) first described the disease as a triad of oral ulcers, genital ulcers and ocular inflammation (ABDA, 2014). The epidemiology behind this disease indicates its prevalence in multiple countries. It is less prevalent in the United States and Western Europe. According to National Organization for Rare Disorders (2015),the highest prevalenceRead MoreBronchial Asthma And Chronic Inflammatory Disorder Of The Airways That Involves A Complex Interaction Of Airflow Obstruction, Bronchial1125 Words   |  5 Pagesbronchial hyperresponsiveness and an underlying inflammation. The paper begins with background information on the condition, followed by describing its mechanisms and breaking down its major components. It will also discuss the signs, symptoms, and diagnosis and treatment options for asthma. Throughout the paper, key concepts and terms associated with the disease are defined. Introduction It is believed that ancient Egyptians first documented asthma symptoms in hieroglyphics. However, the famous Greek

The Heroes Of The Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare

Epics consists of benevolent or disastrous intervention from the supernatural world, and the superhuman capabilities that the heroes and antiheroes occupy. Tales like these represent the characteristics of what heroes are considered to be during the time they were written; however, they follow a specific formula, namely that the Gods intervene in the lives of the hero and, that the hero is burdened with a tragic flaw. In Virgil’s Aeneid, it is Aeneas’ dangerous disobedience to the ordinances of the Gods that kills him. In Oedipus Rex, it is Oedipus’s inability to control his temper which proves a mortal flaw. Yet, In Beowulf, despite Beowulf’s heroism and his preoccupation with honor, he operates with free will and without the burden of a character flaw. Heroism is attached with its own qualities that make up the characteristics of Beowulf and Aeneas. Throughout Beowulf, his acts of heroism were highly praised. Many times, the king of the Danes praised Beowulf for his battle accomplishments and believed he would excel in defeating the monster that terrorized his castle. The king looks to Beowulf as if he were his own son, and believes he will one day be a great leader. Towards the end of the epic, the speaker states that â€Å"Onela returned/ To the land of Sweden, leaving Beowulf/ To ascend the throne, to sit in majesty/ And rule over the Geats. He was a good king† (Lines 2387-2390). His fate was not predetermined by God, and this persuades Beowulf to become a righteousShow MoreRelatedMacbeth vs Beowulf874 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf and Macbeth Beowulf, identified as an epic hero and Macbeth, identified as a tragic hero both are very similar and different in their own ways. The epic poem, Beowulf translated by Seamus Heaney and the tragic play, Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare both have heroes as the protagonist of the story. The stories written in two different time periods, still can be seen with many similarities and differences. A tragic hero is of high ranking and unfortunately has a flaw that they possessRead MoreFate And Fate In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight741 Words   |  3 Pagesbut sometimes their fate may have a positive or negative effect. In the epic poem Beowulf, the hero battles many enemies and at the same time discovering his destinies. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain must be able to meet his fate as he faces the Green Knight. In the tragedy Macbeth, Macbeth finds ways to try and alter his fate. Fate is portrayed in the epic poem Beowulf as he discovers his heroic destiny, in the epic poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight as Gawain is determined seek theRead MoreThe Anglo-Saxon Sonnet: Rewriting Shakespeare’s Sonnet 1301609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Anglo-Saxon Sonnet: Rewriting a Shakespeare’s Sonnet â€Å"130† Through the Eyes of the Author of Beowulf My woman’s sight-seers shine like the sun; Her kiss-givers grant a great fiery glow; Her bone-house is a rare beast made to stun; The hairs on her head hang as soft as snow. Like a pollen-producer gleams garnet, Her cheeks blush, blinding any early man; Unlike a slimy serpent’s foul sweat, Her scent smells of fresh gold, or better than. Her voice flows like the whale-road, that I’mRead MorePeriods of English Literature1515 Words   |  7 Pagesmonks also tried to infuse the Anglo-Saxons with a love for Christianity, where the heroes were Christ and his Apostles, by writing poetry such as â€Å"Cinewulf†, â€Å"The Dream of the Rood† and â€Å"Elene†. It was a monk, in fact, who wrote down the tale of â€Å"Beowulf†, the most celebrated tale of the period. â€Å"Beowulf† is a folk epic that is representative of the Old English period, in both life and character. â€Å"Beowulf† can be summarized as the tale of a brave and heroic warrior, who has superhuman strengthRead MoreMonsters And The Core Program1826 Words   |  8 PagesMonsters and Villains in the Core Program Monsters and villains have been a very crucial part in Core 3 and Core 4. We have read some of the most well none villains in Core including Humbaba from Gilgamesh, Polyphemus from The Odyssey, Grendel from Beowulf, and Iago from Othello. Teratology is the study of monsters and throughout Core we have learned some of the characteristics that are monsters have in common. Mostly all the monsters that we have studied reveals society’s fears or something wrongRead MoreEssay on Examples of the Shadow Archetype in Famous Literature3010 Words   |  13 Pagesof his back, he had to face his fear and confront it. What Beowulf did in the epic, Beowulf, was confront his evil daemon head on. The monster that Beowulf confronted was called Grendel. Grendel is a monster that lashes out on the Danes, but then is eventually stopped by Beowulf. Grendel’s name means â€Å"grinder† and â€Å"storm†, and Grendel lives up to his name as he invades the Mead Hall and attacks the innocent (Meeting the Shadow in Beowulf). Grendel is a symbol of the suppressed and unloved shadowRead MoreClassification of Literature3483 Words   |  14 Pagesof Literature Literature Prose Poetry Fiction Nonfiction Dramatic Narrative Lyric Drama Short Story Novel Tale Fable Myth Legends Folktales Essay Biography Autobiography Diary History Chronicle News Anecdote Tragedy Comedy Opera Operetta Ballad Epic Metrical Tale Metrical Romance Ode Sonnet Song Elegy POINT OF COMPARISON | PROSE | POETRY | Form | Paragraph | Verse | Language | Words and rhythms of ordinary and everyday language | Metrical, rhythmical, figurative language | Appeal | IntellectRead More Discuss Milton’s presentation of Satan in Paradise Lost Essay2739 Words   |  11 PagesMilton’s presentation of Satan in Paradise Lost There has been considerable critical interest in the figure of Satan in Paradise Lost, and in the possibility that he may be the true hero of the epic poem. The opening of the poem finds Milton in a tough spot: writing an epic poem without an epic hero in sight. In order to achieve a rationally balanced poem, he wants to let the first half rise from Hell through Chaos and towards Heaven, thereby balancing the fall of humankind in the followingRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagesconsciously aware we are, the more alive the text becomes to us. d. If you don’t recognize the correspondences, it’s ok. If a story is no good, being based on Hamlet won’t save it. 6. When in Doubt, It’s from Shakespeare†¦ a. Writers use what is common in a culture as a kind of shorthand. Shakespeare is pervasive, so he is frequently echoed. b. See plays as a pattern, either in plot or theme or both. Examples: i. Hamlet: heroic character, revenge, indecision, melancholy nature ii. Henry IV—a young manRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pagespress, books were rare and precious (Bingham and Scholt 1980). Amusing books written specifically for children would have been economically and psychologically impossible (Townsend 1996). Children would probably have listened to adult works such as Beowulf, Song of Roland, El Cid, King Arthur, and Robin Hood. Children and adults also enjoyed folk tales and literature rich with fantasy and imagination, as myth was the way they made sense of their world. While there were no manuscripts devoted specifically

Price Determination Free Essays

Price Determination under Monopoly Monopoly is that market form in which a single producer controls the whole supply of a single commodity which has no close substitute. From this definition there are two points that must be noted: (i) Single Producer:  There must be only one producer who may be anindividual, a partnership firm or a joint stock company. Thus single firmconstitutes the industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Price Determination or any similar topic only for you Order Now The distinction between firm and industry disappearsunder conditions of monopoly. (ii) No Close Substitute:  The commodity produced by the producer must have no closely competing substitutes, if he is to be called a monopolist. This ensuresthat there is no rival of the monopolist. Therefore, the cross elasticity ofdemand between the product of the monopolist and the product of any otherproducer must be very low. PRICE-OUTPUT  DETERMINATION UNDER  MONOPOLY: A firm under monopoly faces a downward sloping demand curve or average revenuecurve. Further, in monopoly, since average revenue falls as more units of output are sold,the marginal revenue is less than the average revenue. In other words, under monopolythe MR curve lies below the AR curve. The Equilibrium level in monopoly is that level of output in which marginal revenueequals marginal cost. The producer will continue producer as long as marginal revenueexceeds the marginal cost. At the point where MR is equal to MC the profit will bemaximum and beyond this point the producer will stop producing. It can be seen from the diagram that up till OM output, marginal revenue is greater thanmarginal cost, but beyond OM the marginal revenue is less than marginal cost. Therefore, the monopolist will be in equilibrium at output OM where marginal revenue isequal to marginal cost and the profits are the greatest. The corresponding price in thediagram is MP’ or OP. It can be seen from the diagram at output OM, while MP’  is the average revenue, ML is the average cost, therefore, P’L is the profit per unit. Now the total profit is equal to P’L (profit per unit) multiply by OM (total output). In the short run, the monopolist has to keep an eye on the variable cost, otherwise he willstop producing. In the long run, the monopolist can change the size of plant in responseto a change in demand. In the long run, he will make adjustment in the amount of thefactors, fixed and variable, so that MR equals not only to short run MC but also long run  MC How to cite Price Determination, Papers

Julius Caesar Was A Strong Leader For The Romans Who Changed The Cours

Julius Caesar was a strong leader for the Romans who changed the course of the history of the Greco - Roman world decisively and irreversibly. With his courage and strength he created a strong empire . What happened during his early political career? How did he become such a strong dictator of the Roman Empire? What events led up to the making of the first triumvirate? How did he rise over the other two in the triumvirate and why did he choose to take over? What happened during his reign as dictator of Rome? What events led up to the assassination of Caesar? What happened after he was killed? Caesar was a major part of the Roman Empire because of his strength and his strong war strategies. Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman whose dictatorship was pivotal in Rome's transition from republic to empire. When he was young Caesar lived through one of the most horrifying decades in the history of the city of Rome. The city was assaulted twice and captured by Roman armies, first in 87 BC by the leaders of the populares, his uncle Marius and Cinna. Cinna was killed the year that Caesar had married Cinna's daughter Cornelia. The second attack upon the city was carried our by Marius' enemy Sulla, leader of the optimates, in 82 BC on the latter's return from the East. On each occasion the massacre of political opponents was followed by the confiscation of their property. The proscriptions of Sulla, which preceded the reactionary political legislation enacted during his dictatorship left a particularly bitter memory that long survived. Caesar left Rome for the province of Asia on the condition that he divorce his wife because Sulla would only allow him to leave on that condition. When he heard the news that Sulla had been killed he returned to Rome. He studied rhetoric under the distinguished teacher Molon. In the winter of 75-74 BC Caesar was captured by pirated and, while in their custody awaiting the arrival of the ransom money which they demanded, threatened them with crucifixion , a threat which he fulfilled immediately after his release. He then returned to Rome to engage in a normal political career, starting with the quaetorship which he served in 69-68 BC in the province of Further Spain. In the Roman political world of the sixties the dominance of the optimates was challenged by Pompey and Crassus. The optimates, led by Quintus Lutatius Catulus and Lucius Licinius Lucullus , were chiefly men whose careers had been made by Sulla. Pompey and Crassus were consuls in 70 BC and had rescinded the most offensively reactionary measures of Sulla's legislation. During Pompey's absence from 67 to 62 BC during his campaigns against the Mediterranean pirates, Mithridates, and Crassus, his jealous rival. Caesar married Ponpeia after Cornelia's death and was appointed aedile in 65 BC As aedile , Caesar returned to Marius' trophies to their former place of honor in the Capitol, thus laying claim to leadership of the populares. When Caesar was a praetor, he supported a tribune who wanted Pompey recalled to restore order in Rome. As a result, Caesar was suspended from office for a period and antagonized Catulus. Before leaving Rome to govern Further Spain for a year, Caesar divorced his wife Pompeia because of the allegation that she had been implicated in the offense of Publius Clodius. The latter was then awaiting trial for breaking into Caesar's house the previous December disguised as a woman at the festival of the Bona Dea, which no man is allowed to attend. After his return from a successful year administrating Spain Caesar was elected consul for 59 BC through political alliance with Pompey and Crassus . This alliance was called the first triumvirate. Caesar's purpose was to gain a big military command. Pompey for his part sought the ratification of his Eastern settlement and land allotments for his discharged troops. Crassus sought a revision of the contract for collecting taxes in the province of Asia. An agrarian bill authorizing the purchase of land for Pompey's veterans was passed in January of 59 BC at a disorderly public assembly which Caesar's fellow consul Calpurnius Bibulus, was thrown from the platform and